People decide not to pursue a claim for a reason that sounds like law and is not: nothing was ever proven. Nothing being proven criminally says almost nothing about a civil case, because the two proceedings ask different questions, of different people, to different standards, on different clocks.
Side by side
| Criminal case | Civil case | |
|---|---|---|
| Who brings it | The government, through a prosecutor | You, through your own attorney |
| Who decides whether it happens | A prosecutor. You cannot compel a charge. | You |
| Standard of proof | Beyond a reasonable doubt | Preponderance of the evidence: more likely than not |
| Who is the defendant | The individual accused | The individual and, critically, the institution that enabled it |
| Outcome | Conviction, sentence, registry | Money damages, and sometimes injunctive relief |
| Deadline | Criminal statute of limitations (many states have none for child sex offenses) | Civil statute of limitations, often extended or revived |
| Your role | Witness | Party, so you direct the case and decide whether to settle |
| Access to the institution’s records | Through the prosecution, if it seeks them | Through civil discovery, which you control |
Why the burden of proof changes everything
Beyond a reasonable doubt is the highest standard in American law, and it exists because a criminal conviction can take a person’s liberty. The Supreme Court held in In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970), that the Constitution requires it for every criminal conviction. It asks a jury to be nearly certain.
A civil claim requires only a preponderance of the evidence. The question is whether your account is more likely true than not, and Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279 (1991), describes that as the general standard in civil litigation. Tipping the balance, even narrowly, is enough. Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979), sets out a third standard between the two, clear and convincing evidence. Many states require it before punitive damages may be awarded against an institution; California does so in Civil Code section 3294.
That gap is why a defendant can be acquitted at a criminal trial and held liable in a civil one on identical facts, with neither result being wrong. Kevin Spacey, acquitted in a 2023 UK criminal trial, is the clearest recent illustration on this site: an acquittal means the prosecution did not prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, which is not a finding that nothing happened. It is also why a prosecutor’s decision that a case is not chargeable tells you very little about whether it is winnable civilly.
A criminal case prosecutes the individual. A civil case can also name the institution that hired and supervised that person, and allege that it ignored complaints or moved them somewhere else. That institution has records, insurance and assets. In most institutional abuse cases, it is also the party whose conduct is alleged to have made the harm possible.
Timing when both are possible
The most damaging mistake here is passive: waiting for the criminal case to finish before doing anything civil. The two run on separate clocks. Many states have removed the criminal statute of limitations for child sex offenses entirely while leaving a civil deadline that still expires, so a prosecution can remain open long after the civil claim has gone. Federal law works the same way: 18 U.S.C. section 3299 sets no limitation period for listed child sex offenses, and section 3283 governs other offenses involving the sexual abuse of a child. Check your own dates against the 50-state reference. People lose live civil claims this way every year.
There are real reasons to coordinate. A conviction can be powerful evidence in a later civil case, and in federal court Federal Rule of Evidence 803(22) allows the judgment itself into evidence. Under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, also called issue preclusion, a conviction can establish certain facts conclusively so that they cannot be relitigated. A civil case running in parallel can create tension around testimony that has to be managed deliberately. But those are reasons to have counsel sequencing the two on purpose, not reasons to wait by default.
The deadlines described here are general rules, and most of them have exceptions. The date that governs a particular claim turns on the state, the person’s age when the abuse happened, when they connected it to the harm it caused, and who the defendant is. A claim against a public agency or a public school can carry a written notice requirement that runs out long before the ordinary deadline.
Nothing on this page can tell you your own date. A lawyer who looks at your facts can, and there is no charge to ask.
You do not have to report to sue
Reporting to police and bringing a civil claim are independent decisions. Some survivors do both, some do neither, some do one. A civil claim is initiated by your attorney filing a complaint; no police involvement is required at any point.
If you are weighing whether to report, our page on how to report abuse covers what each route does and does not accomplish, including mandatory reporting rules, which can take the decision out of your hands if you disclose to certain professionals.
Questions we are asked most
No, and it is not even strong evidence about your civil case. Prosecutors decline charges for reasons that have nothing to do with whether the abuse occurred: the criminal statute of limitations expired, the evidence will not meet the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard, office resources, or the assessment that a conviction is unlikely. A civil claim asks a different question under a much lower standard, and civil claims routinely succeed where no charge was ever filed.
Yes. An acquittal means the prosecution did not prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, the highest standard the law uses. A civil claim requires only a preponderance of the evidence, meaning more likely than not. The same facts can produce an acquittal and a civil verdict for the plaintiff without any inconsistency, and this happens regularly.
No. A civil claim is filed by you, through your own attorney, and does not require any police involvement. Some survivors report and sue; some sue without reporting; some report without suing. Whether to involve law enforcement is your decision, and it is a separate one.
Usually not, and waiting is a common way people lose civil claims. The civil limitations period keeps running while a criminal case proceeds, because a prosecution does not pause it. There are sometimes tactical reasons to sequence the two, and a criminal conviction can help a later civil case, but that is a judgment for counsel who knows your dates. Do not simply wait by default.
Not directly. Civil litigation cannot compel a prosecutor to charge anyone. Indirectly it sometimes matters: discovery in a civil case can surface documents and testimony that draw law enforcement or regulatory attention, and several institutional investigations began that way. But it is a side effect, not a mechanism you can rely on.
If you are a witness in both, your civil testimony can be used in the criminal proceeding and vice versa, which is one legitimate reason to coordinate the two carefully. If you are a plaintiff and not a defendant, this is generally a question of consistency rather than exposure, but it is exactly the kind of thing your attorney should be managing deliberately.
- Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979): the three standards of proof, preponderance, clear and convincing, and beyond a reasonable doubt
- In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970): proof beyond a reasonable doubt required for a criminal conviction
- Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279 (1991): preponderance of the evidence as the general civil standard
- Emich Motors Corp. v. General Motors Corp., 340 U.S. 558 (1951): a criminal judgment's estoppel effect in a later civil case
- Federal Rule of Evidence 803(22): a judgment of a previous conviction admitted as evidence
- California Civil Code section 3294: clear and convincing evidence required for punitive damages (one state's rule)
- 18 U.S.C. section 3283: federal limitation period for offenses involving the sexual abuse of a child
- 18 U.S.C. section 3299: no federal limitation period for listed child sex offenses
- CHILD USA, 2026 SOL Tracker (30 states and three territories revived expired civil claims)
- BBC News, "Kevin Spacey and accusers settle before civil trial" (March 19, 2026) (news reporting) Accurate as of March 19, 2026.
